How Covalent Bonds Form Between Atoms and Create Molecules

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An independent consultant in the field of health care analytics, Mario Atoyan was a teacher with the Warwick Public Schools. As a science teacher, Mario Atoyan achieved top school rankings and made use of in-depth knowledge of general sciences.

General sciences study all things related to our every day lives. One of the fundamental chemical processes driving how the natural world operates is covalent bonding. Taking place between non-metal atoms, covalent bonding involves overlapping of atoms’ outermost orbitals, such that unpaired electrons within bonding atoms are shared.

These shared electrons move within orbitals of both atoms, with an attraction between the positively charged nuclei and negatively charged electrons forming a covalent bond that binds the two atoms. A determinant of the type of covalent bond is how many pairs of atoms are shared.

A common single covalent bond molecule is hydrogen chloride, which involves chlorine and hydrogen atoms bonding. One of chlorine’s seven valence electrons is unpaired, while hydrogen has a single valence electron that is also unpaired. These two electrons complete their outermost energy level through sharing that electron.

By contrast, nitrogen contains five valence electrons, three of which are unpaired. When bonding with hydrogen it requires three single unpaired electrons to complete the valence energy shell and create ammonia. Thus, the molecule NH3 contains one nitrogen atom and three hydrogen atoms.

Repairing Headphones and LCD Screens at Home

With diverse work experience including teaching for ten years in the Warwick Public Schools, Mario Atoyan holds a bachelor of science in computer information systems and a teaching certificate in general science. In his free time, Mario Atoyan enjoys spending time with his family and hiking with his dog. He also enjoys buying broken mechanical items and returning them to good working order.

Some items can be easily repaired at home without the need for disposing of them or taking them to a professional to fix. Examples of items that can be repaired without any special technical equipment are headphones and LCD screens.

Headphones, for example, are very likely to break with constant use. Wires will fray and detach from the body with time, and one way to solve this problem is to use Plasti Dip. Pouring a little of the liquid plastic product into a container and using a small artist’s paintbrush to cover the exposed area of the wires with layers of the product will create a thick plastic seal that can mend the cable and secure it to the headphone body.

Another common problem is dead or stuck pixels that may appear on LCD computer monitors, television, and cellphone screens. They can often be fixed at home with computer programs like JScreenFix and Killdeadpixel, or by applying a little pressure with a damp cloth to the area of the screen with the device turned off.

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