
An independent consultant in the field of health care analytics, Mario Atoyan was a teacher with the Warwick Public Schools. As a science teacher, Mario Atoyan achieved top school rankings and made use of in-depth knowledge of general sciences.
General sciences study all things related to our every day lives. One of the fundamental chemical processes driving how the natural world operates is covalent bonding. Taking place between non-metal atoms, covalent bonding involves overlapping of atoms’ outermost orbitals, such that unpaired electrons within bonding atoms are shared.
These shared electrons move within orbitals of both atoms, with an attraction between the positively charged nuclei and negatively charged electrons forming a covalent bond that binds the two atoms. A determinant of the type of covalent bond is how many pairs of atoms are shared.
A common single covalent bond molecule is hydrogen chloride, which involves chlorine and hydrogen atoms bonding. One of chlorine’s seven valence electrons is unpaired, while hydrogen has a single valence electron that is also unpaired. These two electrons complete their outermost energy level through sharing that electron.
By contrast, nitrogen contains five valence electrons, three of which are unpaired. When bonding with hydrogen it requires three single unpaired electrons to complete the valence energy shell and create ammonia. Thus, the molecule NH3 contains one nitrogen atom and three hydrogen atoms.
